Contingency management (CM) is a strategy rooted in behavior modification that aims to reinforce positive behaviors with incentives. This technique involves rewarding desirable behaviors, such as attending sessions or reaching milestones in recovery, while also discouraging negative behaviors by implementing consequences. The underlying theory of CM is based on operant conditioning, which focuses on how
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a rare but serious complication of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) that can occur when there is a severe lack of insulin in the body. This lack of insulin prevents glucose from entering the cells for energy, leading to the cells burning fat instead. The burning of fat cells results in the
When it comes to Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), the impact on menstrual cycles can vary significantly depending on the type of therapy and the individual’s goals. The most common form of HRT involves a combination of estrogen and progestin, which can either stop periods altogether or lead to withdrawal bleeding. Additionally, there are single hormone
Ruconest (C1 esterase inhibitor [recombinant]) is a brand-name biologic drug that is primarily prescribed for hereditary angioedema in adults and select pediatric patients. Cost Factors The cost of Ruconest can vary significantly based on several factors, including whether the drug has a savings program, your treatment plan, your insurance coverage, and the pharmacy you choose
Cystic renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) is a rare form of kidney cancer that is associated with acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD). ACKD develops in individuals who have been undergoing treatment for kidney failure for an extended period of time. The presence of cysts in the kidneys is a distinguishing feature of CRCC, which sets it
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause of cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine is an important tool in preventing new infections. It is recommended that children receive the vaccine before puberty, typically around 11-12 years old. The main mode of transmission for HPV is sexual activity, which is why it is crucial for
Xgeva (denosumab) is a prescription medication for certain bone conditions, available only as a brand-name biologic drug. When considering the cost of Xgeva injections, there are several factors that come into play. These factors include your treatment plan, insurance coverage, choice of pharmacy, the need for additional supplies like needles and syringes, and whether there
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can have lasting effects on a person’s overall well-being. One of the lesser-known ways PTSD can impact an individual is through their sleep patterns. It has been suggested that PTSD may increase the risk of developing sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Research
Lewy body dementia is a progressive neurological condition characterized by the accumulation of protein clumps, known as Lewy bodies, in the brain. This buildup of Lewy bodies leads to cognitive impairment and a range of symptoms that impact thinking, movement, behavior, and mood. The stages of Lewy body dementia – which include the first, middle,
Takhzyro (lanadelumab-flyo) is a medication prescribed to prevent hereditary angioedema attacks in adults and certain children. Like many drugs, Takhzyro can cause side effects, with some being more common than others. These side effects can range from mild to severe, and it’s important to pay attention to how your body reacts to the medication. One